Midterm examination

Good luck on your midterm examination! :)

Fossils

Fossils...
Formed from plant and animal bodies
The plant or animal must be covered quickly after death by sediments such as mud and sand

Fossil formation

• Replacement – tissues of the dead body are dissolved and washed away by water passing through a rock.

    A cavity forms and minerals in the water passing through it come out of the solution and form a solid,      which makes a rocky shape of the body

• Petrification – water containing dissolved minerals seeps into the tissues, and minerals come out of the solution and strengthen the tissues into rock

- Georgius Agricola – German doctor, first used the word “fossil”. He used the word to describe anything that was dug out of the ground. He included ancient pottery

- Fossil was used to describe any stony animal-shaped object

Nicolaus Steno – Danish geologist, observed and compared that tongue stones are similar to a shark’s teeth.

- Index fossils – useful where sedimentary rocks have formed in the same time period but in different ways

If the same index fossil is found in both types rock, geologist can be certain that they formed at the same time and belong to the same period.

	Index fossil	Other index fossils
Quaternary	Pecten gibbus (scallop)	Argopecten gibbus
Tertiary	Calyptraphorus velatus (sea snail)
Cretaceous	Scaphites hippocrepis (ammonite)
Jurassic	Perisphinctes tiziani (ammonite)	Nerinea trinodosa
Triassic	Tropites subbullatus (ammonite)
Permian	Leptodus americanus (brachiopod)
Carboniferous	Lophophyllidium proliferum (coral)	Dictyoclostus americanus
Devonian	Mucrospirifer mucronatus (brachiopod)
Silurian	Cystiphyllum niagarense (coral)
Ordovician	Bathyurus extans (trilobite)
Cambrian	Paradoxides pinus  (trilobite)	Billingselia corrugata

 - Fossil records - Fossils also reveals different habitats, climate and conditions of the Earth that time. 

Example:

Carboniferous – damp conditions (swamps)

Permian - deserts

Physics and Engineering

Engineering

žThe application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes, and systems. 

- žthe art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and the convenience of people.

- žIn its modern form engineering involves people, money, materials, machines, and energy.

- žIt seeks newer, cheaper, better means of using natural sources of energy and materials.

- Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis.

Types of Engineering

- The primary types of engineering are chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, and mechanical.

- Chemical engineering deals with the design, construction, and operation of plants and machinery for making such products as acids, dyes, drugs, plastics, and synthetic rubber by adapting the chemical reactions discovered by the laboratory chemist to large-scale production

- Civil engineering includes the planning, designing, construction, and maintenance of structures and altering geography to suit human needs.  Some of the numerous subdivisions are transportation (e.g., railroad facilities and highways); hydraulics (e.g., river control, irrigation, swamp draining, water supply, and sewage disposal); and structures (e.g., buildings, bridges, and tunnels).

- Electrical engineering encompasses all aspects of electricity from power engineering, the development of the devices for the generation and transmission of electrical power, to electronics.

- Industrial engineering, or management engineering is concerned with efficient production. The industrial engineer designs methods, not machinery.

- Mechanical engineering is concerned with the design, construction, and operation of power plants, engines, and machines. It deals mostly with things that move.

- Famous Engineers

- Neil Alden Armstrong - became the first man to walk on the moon on July 20, 1969, at 10:56 p.m. EDT. 

He and "Buzz" Aldren spent about two and one-half hours walking on the moon, while pilot Michael Collins waited above in the Apollo 11 command module. Armstrong received his B.S. in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University and an M.S. in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California.

- Rowan Atkinson - A British comedian, best known for his starring roles in the television series "Blackadde"r and "Mr. Bean," and several films including Four Weddings And A Funeral.  Atkinson attended first Manchester then Oxford University on an electrical engineering degree.

- Leonardo Da Vinci - Florentine artist, one of the great masters of the High Renaissance, celebrated as a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist.  His profound love of knowledge and research was the keynote of both his artistic and scientific endeavors. His innovations in the field of painting influenced the course of Italian art for more than a century after his death, and his scientific studies - particularly in the fields of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics - anticipated many of the developments of modern science.

- Thomas Edison - Edison patented 1,093 inventions in his lifetime, earning him the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park." The most famous of his inventions was an incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the kinetoscope, a small box for viewing moving films. He also improved upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. Edison was quoted as saying, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration."

- Edwin Howard Armstrong - His crowning achievement (1933) was the invention of wide-band frequency modulation, now known as FM radio. Armstrong earned a degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1913. 

- Alexander Graham Bell , inventor of the telephone. He also worked in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. In 1888 he founded the National Geographic Society.

- Henry Bessemer - English inventor and engineer who invented the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively - essential to the development of skyscrapers. 

- Andrew Grove - co-founder, Intel, chemical engineer. 

- Joseph Armand Bombardier - manufacturer of the first successful snowmobile. 

- Philip Condit - CEO, The Boeing Company, mechanical/aeronautical engineering.

 - Bill Nye - worked for Boeing before he became the "science guy", Mechanical engineering degree from Cornell University.

- American engineer and inventor Willis Haviland Carrier developed the formulae and equipment that made air conditioning possible. Carrier attended Cornell University and graduated with an M.E. in 1901.

- Ray Dolby - audio system innovator and founder of Dolby Laboratories. His technical expertise has won him both an Academy Award and a Grammy!

Transition Metals IGCSE 2

http://www.docbrown.info/page04/4_75trans.htm

IGCSE Chemistry

http://chemistryatdulwich.wikispaces.com/file/view/12.+The+Alkali+Metals+v1.0.ppt

Home delight for IP students

Checkpoint 1

Physics   (notebook)

submission: 11 August 2014

1. Define Physics
2. Give/List 10 importance of Physics in our daily life.

Chemistry

Due: Cp1a: 11 August
        Cp1b: 7 August

Bring the following:

soda drinks (smallest) 4 / group                
small nails  4/group
Bridging course tshirt/individual

Checkpoint 2

Chemistry (notebook)

Submission: 12 August

1. How are rock layers formed?
2. How do we name rock layers?
3. What are fossils? How are they formed? Give examples and explain
4. What are the types of rocks? Explain each
5. Write a brief summary of the movie "Journey to the Center of the Earth"

IGCSE 1

Submission: 6 August

Chemistry (notebook)

1. List and explain the 3 states of matter and the changes it undergo
2. How does impurity affect the heating and cooling of substances?


IGCSE 2

Chemistry (notebook)

Submission 6 August

1. Read pages 230-233 of the coursebook
2. What are alkali metals?
3. List the properties of alkali metals

welcome my dear students...

Welcome to a new school year... 2014 - 2105 :)

Have a wonderful year ahead!


Ms. Anne