Midterm examination

Good luck on your midterm examination! :)

Fossils

Fossils...
Formed from plant and animal bodies
The plant or animal must be covered quickly after death by sediments such as mud and sand

Fossil formation

• Replacement – tissues of the dead body are dissolved and washed away by water passing through a rock.

    A cavity forms and minerals in the water passing through it come out of the solution and form a solid,      which makes a rocky shape of the body

• Petrification – water containing dissolved minerals seeps into the tissues, and minerals come out of the solution and strengthen the tissues into rock

- Georgius Agricola – German doctor, first used the word “fossil”. He used the word to describe anything that was dug out of the ground. He included ancient pottery

- Fossil was used to describe any stony animal-shaped object

Nicolaus Steno – Danish geologist, observed and compared that tongue stones are similar to a shark’s teeth.

- Index fossils – useful where sedimentary rocks have formed in the same time period but in different ways

If the same index fossil is found in both types rock, geologist can be certain that they formed at the same time and belong to the same period.

	Index fossil	Other index fossils
Quaternary	Pecten gibbus (scallop)	Argopecten gibbus
Tertiary	Calyptraphorus velatus (sea snail)
Cretaceous	Scaphites hippocrepis (ammonite)
Jurassic	Perisphinctes tiziani (ammonite)	Nerinea trinodosa
Triassic	Tropites subbullatus (ammonite)
Permian	Leptodus americanus (brachiopod)
Carboniferous	Lophophyllidium proliferum (coral)	Dictyoclostus americanus
Devonian	Mucrospirifer mucronatus (brachiopod)
Silurian	Cystiphyllum niagarense (coral)
Ordovician	Bathyurus extans (trilobite)
Cambrian	Paradoxides pinus  (trilobite)	Billingselia corrugata

 - Fossil records - Fossils also reveals different habitats, climate and conditions of the Earth that time. 

Example:

Carboniferous – damp conditions (swamps)

Permian - deserts

Physics and Engineering

Engineering

žThe application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes, and systems. 

- žthe art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and the convenience of people.

- žIn its modern form engineering involves people, money, materials, machines, and energy.

- žIt seeks newer, cheaper, better means of using natural sources of energy and materials.

- Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis.

Types of Engineering

- The primary types of engineering are chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, and mechanical.

- Chemical engineering deals with the design, construction, and operation of plants and machinery for making such products as acids, dyes, drugs, plastics, and synthetic rubber by adapting the chemical reactions discovered by the laboratory chemist to large-scale production

- Civil engineering includes the planning, designing, construction, and maintenance of structures and altering geography to suit human needs.  Some of the numerous subdivisions are transportation (e.g., railroad facilities and highways); hydraulics (e.g., river control, irrigation, swamp draining, water supply, and sewage disposal); and structures (e.g., buildings, bridges, and tunnels).

- Electrical engineering encompasses all aspects of electricity from power engineering, the development of the devices for the generation and transmission of electrical power, to electronics.

- Industrial engineering, or management engineering is concerned with efficient production. The industrial engineer designs methods, not machinery.

- Mechanical engineering is concerned with the design, construction, and operation of power plants, engines, and machines. It deals mostly with things that move.

- Famous Engineers

- Neil Alden Armstrong - became the first man to walk on the moon on July 20, 1969, at 10:56 p.m. EDT. 

He and "Buzz" Aldren spent about two and one-half hours walking on the moon, while pilot Michael Collins waited above in the Apollo 11 command module. Armstrong received his B.S. in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University and an M.S. in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California.

- Rowan Atkinson - A British comedian, best known for his starring roles in the television series "Blackadde"r and "Mr. Bean," and several films including Four Weddings And A Funeral.  Atkinson attended first Manchester then Oxford University on an electrical engineering degree.

- Leonardo Da Vinci - Florentine artist, one of the great masters of the High Renaissance, celebrated as a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist.  His profound love of knowledge and research was the keynote of both his artistic and scientific endeavors. His innovations in the field of painting influenced the course of Italian art for more than a century after his death, and his scientific studies - particularly in the fields of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics - anticipated many of the developments of modern science.

- Thomas Edison - Edison patented 1,093 inventions in his lifetime, earning him the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park." The most famous of his inventions was an incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the kinetoscope, a small box for viewing moving films. He also improved upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. Edison was quoted as saying, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration."

- Edwin Howard Armstrong - His crowning achievement (1933) was the invention of wide-band frequency modulation, now known as FM radio. Armstrong earned a degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1913. 

- Alexander Graham Bell , inventor of the telephone. He also worked in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. In 1888 he founded the National Geographic Society.

- Henry Bessemer - English inventor and engineer who invented the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively - essential to the development of skyscrapers. 

- Andrew Grove - co-founder, Intel, chemical engineer. 

- Joseph Armand Bombardier - manufacturer of the first successful snowmobile. 

- Philip Condit - CEO, The Boeing Company, mechanical/aeronautical engineering.

 - Bill Nye - worked for Boeing before he became the "science guy", Mechanical engineering degree from Cornell University.

- American engineer and inventor Willis Haviland Carrier developed the formulae and equipment that made air conditioning possible. Carrier attended Cornell University and graduated with an M.E. in 1901.

- Ray Dolby - audio system innovator and founder of Dolby Laboratories. His technical expertise has won him both an Academy Award and a Grammy!

Transition Metals IGCSE 2

http://www.docbrown.info/page04/4_75trans.htm

IGCSE Chemistry

http://chemistryatdulwich.wikispaces.com/file/view/12.+The+Alkali+Metals+v1.0.ppt

Home delight for IP students

Checkpoint 1

Physics   (notebook)

submission: 11 August 2014

1. Define Physics
2. Give/List 10 importance of Physics in our daily life.

Chemistry

Due: Cp1a: 11 August
        Cp1b: 7 August

Bring the following:

soda drinks (smallest) 4 / group                
small nails  4/group
Bridging course tshirt/individual

Checkpoint 2

Chemistry (notebook)

Submission: 12 August

1. How are rock layers formed?
2. How do we name rock layers?
3. What are fossils? How are they formed? Give examples and explain
4. What are the types of rocks? Explain each
5. Write a brief summary of the movie "Journey to the Center of the Earth"

IGCSE 1

Submission: 6 August

Chemistry (notebook)

1. List and explain the 3 states of matter and the changes it undergo
2. How does impurity affect the heating and cooling of substances?


IGCSE 2

Chemistry (notebook)

Submission 6 August

1. Read pages 230-233 of the coursebook
2. What are alkali metals?
3. List the properties of alkali metals

welcome my dear students...

Welcome to a new school year... 2014 - 2105 :)

Have a wonderful year ahead!


Ms. Anne

Everyday's a discovery day...

As one famous band lyrics says "don't stop believing" we encounter everyday challenges, it can be social, emotional, physical, financial or even scientific...but the thing is, how do we cope with the challenges that comes in our way? how do we deal with lots of it? do you believe in cause and effect? 

Semester Test

The 2nd Semester test is fast approaching... o yeah! it'll start tomorrow...

29 May: Chemistry

Don't forget to study and do your best

Good luck!

God bless

Ms. Anne :)

CP2: The Transfer of Heat Energy

The heat source for our planet is the sun. Energy from the sun is transferred through space and through the earth's atmosphere to the earth's surface. Since this energy warms the earth's surface and atmosphere, some of it is or becomes heat energy. There are three ways heat is transferred, into the atmosphere:

• Radiation, conduction, convection

Radiation
If you have stood in front of a fireplace or near a campfire, you have felt the heat transfer known as radiation. The side of you nearest the fire warms, while your other side remains unaffected by the heat. Although you are surrounded by air, the air has nothing to do with this transfer of heat. Heat lamps, that keep food warm, work in the same way. Radiation is the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic radiation.

Most of the electromagnetic radiation that comes to the earth from the sun is in the form of visible light. Light is made of waves of different frequencies. The frequency is the number of instances that a repeated event occurs, over a set time. In electromagnetic radiation, the frequency is the number of times an electromagnetic wave moves past a point each second.

Our brains interpret these different frequencies into colors, including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. When the eye views all these different colors at the same time, it is interpreted as white. Waves from the sun which we cannot see are infrared, which have lower frequencies than red, and ultraviolet, which have higher frequencies than violet light.

Most of the solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and much of what reaches the earth's surface is radiated back into the atmosphere to become heat energy. Dark colored objects such as asphalt absorb more of the radiant energy and warm faster that light colored objects. Dark objects also radiate their energy faster than lighter colored objects.

Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat energy from one substance to another or within a substance. Have you ever left a metal spoon in a pot of soup being heated on a stove? After a short time the handle of the spoon will become hot. This is due to transfer of heat energy from molecule to molecule or from atom to atom. Also, when objects are welded together, the metal becomes hot (the orange-red glow) by the transfer of heat from an arc. This is called conduction and is a very effective method of heat transfer in metals. However, air conducts heat poorly.

Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat energy in a fluid. This type of heating is most commonly seen in the kitchen when you see liquid boiling.

Air in the atmosphere acts as a fluid. The sun's radiation strikes the ground, thus warming the rocks. As the rock's temperature rises due to conduction, heat energy is released into the atmosphere, forming a bubble of air which is warmer than the surrounding air. This bubble of air rises into the atmosphere. As it rises, the bubble cools with the heat contained in the bubble moving into the atmosphere.

As the hot air mass rises, the air is replaced by the surrounding cooler, more dense air, what we feel as wind. These movements of air masses can be small in a certain region, such as local cumulus clouds, or large cycles in the troposphere, covering large sections of the earth. Convection currents are responsible for many weather patterns in the troposphere.

CP2: Preparing Salts

There are methods that can be used in preparation of salt. Reaction of acids is one of the methods.

Acids + Metals à salt + hydrogen gas

Acids + Carbonates à salt + carbon dioxide + water

Acids + bases à salt + water

            The uses of salts are fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate), food (flavorings) and Industrial (modifying properties of paint formulation).

                       

Solubility Table

Nitrates	All Soluble
Sulfates	All soluble except calcium, lead and barium
Chlorides	All soluble except silver, mercury, lead
Carbonates	All insoluble except sodium, potassium, ammonium
Hydroxides	All insoluble except sodium, potassium, ammonium, barium and calcium

            Precipitation is a method by simply mixing two (2) aqueous solutions together to form an insoluble salt.

Ba(NO₃)_2(aq) + Na₂SO_4(aq) à BaSO_4(s) + NaNO_3(aq)

            Titration is a method by simply mixing two (2) aqueous solutions together to form a soluble salt. It is usually between an acid and a base. It uses a universal indicator and neutralization takes part. Salt formed can then be crystallized out in pure form. 

Proper Attitudes that should be developed in Chemistry

Curiosity

Wants to explore and find out

Wants to seek solution for a given problem.

Example: Louis Pasteur’s experiment (Pasteurization)

Open-mindedness

Willingness to accept new ideas but at the same time not believing that all you read or find out is true or correct.

Proper experimentation should be followed

Humility (Humble)

Not being too proud of what you have discovered; a willingness to say “I am wrong” and to change your ideas when new evidences is presented

Example: Harold Urey’s experiment about Moon’s surface

Creativity (Creative)

Looking new ways to solve problems.

Using new techniques in presenting results.

Example: Using Bar graphs/making models

Objective

Being fair and not letting opinions or beliefs affect your work. It must be based on facts and experiments.

Example: John Dalton’s theory of matter 

Honesty (Truthful)

Being honest and not changing the results of experiments. 

“Honesty is the best policy”

Example: record every data because every data counts

Perseverance (Persevering)

Working on a problem until a solution is found.

Being obedient and diligent is the key.

Example: scientist worked so hard until they find solutions in their experiment.

Responsibility (Responsible)

Showing care and concern for living things and the environment.

Example: stop animal testing and global warming by using earth friendly products.

Teamwork

Sharing scientific information with other scientists. 

Share facts not gossip or opinions.

Example: cooperation is a must to have a good team.

Electromagnets in our daily life

CP2 Physics :Appliances with electromagnets

What Home Appliances Use Electromagnets?

1. • While the futuristic-sounding term "electromagnet" might conjure up images of extremely advanced, sophisticated technology that you would never expect to find lying around the house, manufacturers actually use electromagnets in a number of common home appliances. Unlike permanent magnets, electromagnets only display magnetic properties when electrical currents pass through them. Learn more about electromagnets and how different appliances utilize them.
   Toasters
   
   • If it were not for an electromagnet, each time you went to push down the tab or handle on your toaster, the bread would disappointingly pop right back up untoasted. As Drexel University's Geometric and Intelligent Computing Laboratory notes, when you push down a toaster tab on a functioning toaster, a piece of material wedges itself in between two electrical prongs, thereby completing a circuit. The resulting electrical current, in addition to producing heat, activates a small electromagnet. This electromagnet attracts a metallic section on the back of the tab, holding it, and the wire bread-clamps that hold the bread, in place. Once the toaster heats the bread for the time you set it for, it will disrupt the electrical current and deactivate the electromagnet, allowing the tab and clamps to pop back up.
   Printers
   
   • Many computer printers rely on electromagnets to power their motors, which in turn power the printer's moving parts. As Solarbotics notes, these motors are known as stepper motors, and many other commonelectronics, such as fax machines and hard disk drives, also make use of them. A single stepper motor contains several stationary electromagnets known collectively as the stator, which surrounds a rotating, permanent magnet, known as the rotor. According to Images Scientific Instruments, to generate power, the motor conducts an electrical current into only one electromagnet at a time. As each electromagnet activates, it pulls the rotor towards it.
   Microwave Ovens
   
   • Unlike the above types of home appliances, microwave ovens do not utilize small electromagnets for momentarily attracting sections of metal. Instead, the entire microwave oven unit itself acts like a giant electromagnet to create a controlled zone of electromagnetism inside of its cooking chamber. As the University of Colorado Department of Physics notes, microwave ovens generate electromagnetic waves known as microwaves, which cause water molecules to move or vibrate. As the moving water molecules rub up against other molecules in the food or drink you are heating, they produce friction. This friction in turn generates heat and warms your items.

source:http://www.ehow.com/list_7179595_home-appliances-use-electromagnets_.html

Household Appliances That Contain Magnets

1. • A kitchen would be difficult to run without the use of magnets.
     A large number of household appliances use magnets. Electromagnets are magnets that can be activated and deactivated through the application of electricity. This is useful in a number of common household items. People use them in their everyday lives, such as the magnets installed into shower curtains in order to easily stick them to the wall. A similar function is used in refrigerators.
   Refrigerator
   
   • Your refrigerator uses a magnetic strip in its door. All refrigerators must seal to lock out the warm air and keep cool air inside. A magnet is what allows these seals to be so effective. The magnetic strip runs the length and width of the refrigerator and freezer door.
   Dishwasher
   
   • A solenoid is an electromagnetic coil. This is a piece of metal with a wire around it. When electricity is applied to the wire, the metal becomes magnetic. Many dishwashers have a timer activated magnetic solenoid underneath them. When the time is up, according to Repair Clinic.com, the solenoid opens a drain valve that drains the dishwasher.
   Televisions and Computers
   
   • All cathode ray tube, or CRT, televisions have magnets inside them. According to the How Magnets Work website, the image on any CRT TV is produced as a stream of electrons from an electron ray gun in the back of your TV. This stream is directed down a tube, called the cathode ray tube. The electrons travel straight until they are affected by electromagnets, along the sides of the tube. The electromagnets direct the stream toward the corners, sides and middle of your TV screen, allowing you to see it as it appears.
     Computers use magnets in several ways. First, CRT computerscreens are produced like television screens. The electromagnets bend the stream of electrons making it visible on a large screen. According to How Magnets Work, computer disks are coated with metal that stores and transmits electromagnetic signals in patterns. This is how the information is stored on a computer disk.
     LCD and plasma screens for both televisions and computers have static liquid crystals or gas chambers and do not operate the same way. These new technologies are not affected by magnets in household objects the way that a CRT screen would be.
   Doorbell
   
   • You can tell how many magnets a doorbell contains simply by listening to the number of tones it produces. According to the Knox News website, doorbells also contain solenoids like dishwashers. The solenoid in a doorbell causes a spring-loaded piston to strike a bell. It happens twice, because as you release the button the magnet passes beneath the piston again causing it to strike. This is where the "ding dong" sound comes from. Doorbells that have more than one tone have more than one chime, piston and magnet.

source: http://www.ehow.co.uk/list_7476962_household-appliances-contain-magnets.html

Laboratory Rules

-Do not run into or out of the laboratory

-Make sure that school bags are stored safely

-Put stools under the bench when not in use

-Leave the bench-top clean and dry

-Do not run in the laboratory

- Do not eat or drink in the laboratory
- Work quietly

- Tie back longhair and if lab coats are available wear them, buttoned up

- Wear safety spectacles when anything is to be heated or if any hazardous chemicals are tobe used.

- Never point a test-tube containing chemicals at anyone, and do not examine the contents by looking down the tube.

- Tell the teacher about any breakage or spillage at once.

- Only carry out investigations approved by your teacher, and use the gas, water and electricity supplies sensibly.

- Do Not Pipette By Mouth - Ever 

- Read the Chemical Safety Information

- Dress Appropriately (for chemistry lab, not fashion or the weather)

- Identify the Safety Equipment

- Don't Taste or Sniff Chemicals

- Don't Casually Dispose of Chemicals Down the Drain

- Don't Eat or Drink in Lab

- Don't Play Mad Scientist

- Take Data During Lab

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